Description: An error occurred during the processing of a configuration file required to service this request. Please review the specific error details below and modify your configuration file appropriately.
Solution
This error means you're using the SQL Server Reporting Services/Crystal Reports ReportViewer control in your web application, and the server can't find the proper DLL. All you have to do is deploy them to your server. With Visual Studio 2008, the location of the ReportViewer DLLs has changed. You now find them at C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\ReportViewer. The first way to get these on your server, and this only works if you run your own server, is to directly copy them into the C:\Windows\assembly folder, and reboot the server (this reloads the GAC). If a reboot is out of the question, you can use GACUTIL.EXE to copy and register the DLLs. If you're in a shared hosting environment, reference the DLLs from the VS 9 path listed above, and set the Copy Local=True (select the DLL and open the Properties tab). This will copy the DLLs into your applications BIN folder, and look for them there first. You can then deploy to a shared host, making sure to copy all the contents of BIN.
Dll name paste following dll in bin folder or windows folder 1> Microsoft.ReportViewer.Common.dll 2> Microsoft.ReportViewer.ProcessingObjectModel.DLL 3> Microsoft.ReportViewer.WebForms.dll 4> Microsoft.ReportViewer.WinForms.dll
Error Type1: This BackgroundWorker states that it doesn't report progress. Modify WorkerReportsProgress to state that it does report progress.
The error occurs when the WorkerReportsProgress of the background worker is not set to true.
This should be set (to True ) from the properties window as shown below screen.
Error Type 2:This BackgroundWorker states that it doesn't support cancellation. Modify WorkerSupportsCancellation to state that it does support cancellation
The error occurs when the WorkerSupportsCancellation of the background worker is not set to true.
This should be set (to True ) from the properties window as shown below screen.
Most of our application that we develop today require simultaneous functions to perform but with performance. Working with Microsoft .NET framework we have worked with threads through which we can handle all the tasks simultaneously under one main application thread. You can perform smaller operations with the help of Threading class, instead I prefer using Background Worker class to implement to perform all my heavy duty operations.
Background worker class is introduced in .NET framework 2.0 and using this class makes it easy to execute long running operations on a separate thread, support cancellation, progress reporting and marshalling results back to the UI thread.
Now we will see how to use background worker class to perform heavy operations.
My requirement is execute more than one form code simultaneously. Each form, connect to the database and start the execution back end it takes more than one day. Each form will behave same. To do this i have choose Back Ground Worker.
I have four buttons to open four forums when i click each one them, a new window will open and then i will start the execution of functionality.
Now let start working with BackgroundWorker.
Create four forms as shown bellow.
First, you need an instance of BackgroundWorker class,Get to the design mode and drag & drop the background worker component on form, form Component tab of Toolbox as shown bellow screen.
Set the properties of the background worker:
Set GenerateMember and Modifiers as it is. In the sample application we have a progress bar which reports the percentage of the task completed so we need to set the WorkerReportsProgress to true and similarly if we want the user to cancel the running operation then set the WorkerSupportsCancellation to true.
Now the next step is to create 3 event methods:
1.) DoWork: This is the main method which is responsible to handle the large operation. The code here is not different than the usual code.
2.) ProgressChanged: This method reports the change in the progress of the operation performed by the background worker DoWork method.
3.) RunWorkerCompleted:Thismethod checks the RunWorker Completed Event Args and perform action accordingly.
Starting with the Start button:
Next step is to set the event handlers of you object, and finally you have to call RunWorkerAsync() method. Whenever you call this method it get a free thread from CLR and fires DoWork event. Now you put your codes (The codes that you want to be executed in another thread) in event handler of DoWork event. If the code completed it will raise an event called RunWorkerCompleted to notify you. It 's important to know that this event is not raised on the new thread instead, it will be raised on main thread of your application.
//Starts the backgroundworker process asynchronously
backgroundWorker1.RunWorkerAsync();
btn_start.Enabled = false;
}
The DoWork method:
The event args of DoWork event is an object of type DoWorkEventArgs.
In this object you have a property called Argument for getting what you have passed in RunWorkerAsync() method. You can use it in your time-consuming task.
//Background worker DoWork method. Here we will perform our heavy duty tasks.
//I have used a simple datareader object to traverse all the rows in the table.
cmd = newSqlCommand("SELECT * FROM Person.Contact", con);
con.Open();
dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
while(dr.Read())
{
i = i + 1;
//report to the backgroungworker progreechanged event of the background worker class
backgroundWorker1.ReportProgress(i);
Thread.Sleep(1);
//Called and check if the cancellation of the operation is pending. If returned true
//DoWorkEventArgs object cancels the operation.
if(backgroundWorker1.CancellationPending)
{
e.Cancel = true;
return;
}
}
}
catch(Exception x)
{
MessageBox.Show("An error occured while performing operation"+ x);
}
finally
{
con.Close();
}
}
The RunWorkerCompleted Method:
You may want to have the result of your task in your UI. Again for this purpose you have a property called Result which you can set it in your DoWorkEventArgs. And it will be accessible in your RunWorkerCompletedEventArgs of RunWorkerCompleted event.
So when your application is traversing the records and suddenly you think that you should quit the job and work on other part of the application, just hit the cancel button and the large operation will get cancelled without any freezing and hanging of your application.
While implementing WinForms programming you might come across a situation where you do not want to open a form multiple times on an event. A common practice in the event handler function is:
From1 firstForm = new From1();
firstForm.Show();
This will open your form, fine! But what if the event happens again and the previously opened firstForm has not been closed yet? A new firstForm will be opened and this will go on. To check if a form is already running you’ll have to look for it in the Application.OpenForms collection. When a form is opened it is added to that collection. Here’s a boolean method that checks whether a form is open or not. This code snippet shows you how to check if is your MDI container has a specific MDI child open or not. The sample below looks though each of the mdi children in the container for a instance of the form you want to open. If an instance is found, the form is brought to the front. If an instance of the form is not found, the code opens a new instance of the form.
Boolean Method
To check whether the form is already opened or not
I was trying to Sort data with DataView and was trying to convert Dataview to table. I have notice even though view is sorted, when you try to convert it to table it would return only default sort.
Example:
//I was trying to perform something as following
DataTable dtGrid = GetData();
DataView dvSort = new DataView(dtGrid);
dvSort.Sort = "CreationDate DESC";
dtGrid = dvSort.Table; //Will Not Persist Sort Order
In above example even though view is in sorted order, when i tried to convert it to table it would return only default view. In order to get Sorted view (Persist Sort order) instead of using DataView.Table you should use DataView.ToTable() method
So if you changed above code with following it would start working as expected.
You want to improve the syntax for calling common methods in your C# program, so that function names are shorter and easier to type. Extension methods provide a way to easily represent static methods as instance methods in the syntax of the C# language, which can be more intuitive and recallable for developers. Here we look at extension methods.
Example
Here is a custom extension method defined in a program written in the C# programming language. Generally, you will want to store your extension method class in a separate source file, such as "ExtensionMethods.cs" in your project. The file should store a static class with public static extension methods. In the rest of your source code, you can invoke these extension methods in the same way as you can call instance methods.
Program that uses extension method on string [C#]
using System;
public static class ExtensionMethods
{
public static string UppercaseFirstLetter(this string value)
{
//
// Uppercase the first letter in the string this extension is called on.
//
if (value.Length > 0)
{
char[] array = value.ToCharArray();
array[0] = char.ToUpper(array[0]);
return new string(array);
}
return value;
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//
// Use the string extension method on this value.
//
string value = "dot net perls";
value = value.UppercaseFirstLetter(); // Called like an instance method.
Console.WriteLine(value);
}
}
OutputDot net perls
Description. In the first part of the program text, you can see an extension method declaration in the C# programming language. An extension method must be static and can be public so you can use it anywhere in your source code.
The extension method is called like an instance method, but is actually a static method. The instance pointer 'this' is received as a parameter. You must specify the 'this' keyword before the appropriate parameter you want the method to be called upon. In the method, you can refer to this parameter by its declared name.
This-keyword in parameter list. The only difference in the declaration between a regular static method and an extension method is the 'this' keyword in the parameter list. If you want the extension method to received other parameters as well, you can place those in the method signature's parameter list after the 'this' parameter.
Calling extension method. You can call an extension method in the same way you call an instance method. In Visual Studio, an extension method in IntelliSense is represented by a different icon that has a downward arrow on it. You can use this icon to differentiate between instance and extension methods before calling them. Also the text "(extension)" is used in IntelliSense.
What’s the Specification of an Extension Method?
An extension method is a special kind of staticmethod that allows you to add new methods to existing types without creating derived types. The extensionmethods are called as if they were instance methods from the extended type, For example: x is an object from intclass and we called it as an instance method in intclass.
How to Create my Extension Method?
Simply, you create your own staticmethod in your class and put this keyword in front of the first parameter in this method (the type that will be extended).
General Tips in ExtensionMethods Usage
This section is optional reading section for understanding the core idea of extensionmethods:
This keyword has to be the first parameter in the extension method parameter list.
Extensionmethods are used extensively in C# 3.0 and further version specially for LINQ extensions in C#, for example:
It is important to note that extensionmethods can't access the privatemethods in the extended type.
If you want to add new methods to a type, you don't have the source code for it, the ideal solution is to use and implement extensionmethods of that type.
If you create extensionmethods that have the same signature methods inside the type you are extending, then the extensionmethods will never be called.
Once you download HTML5 then install it and then you need to change your validation to HTML5 in your Visual Studio 2010/2008 configuration. For that you have to follow bellow steps.
Go to Tools -> Options ->(Screen1) and then Text Editor -> HTML -> Validation and there you need to select the HTML5 like following. as shown below screen 2 and then click on button.
Screen1
Screen 2
Now Visual studio 2010 or 2008 will have intellisense for HTM5.
It is an optional XML File which stores configuration details for a specific asp.net web application.
Note:When you modify the settings in the Web.Config file, you do not need to restart the Web service for the modifications to take effect..By default, the Web.Config file applies to all the pages in the current directory and its subdirectories.
Extra: You can use the <location> tag to lock configuration settings in the Web.Config file so that they cannot be overridden by a Web.Config file located below it. You can use the allowOverride attribute to lock configuration settings. This attribute is especially valuable if you are hosting untrusted applications on your server.
What is Machine.config File?
The Machine.Config file, which specifies the settings that are global to a particular machine. This file is located at the following path:
As web.config file is used to configure one asp .net web application, same way Machine.config file is used to configure the application according to a particular machine. That is, configuration done in machine.config file is affected on any application that runs on a particular machine. Usually, this file is not altered and only web.config is used which configuring applications.
You can override settings in the Machine.Config file for all the applications in a particular Web site by placing a Web.Config file in the root directory of the Web site as follows:
\InetPub\wwwroot\Web.Config
What can be stored in Web.config file?
There are number of important settings that can be stored in the configuration file. Here are some of the most frequently used configurations, stored conveniently inside Web.config file..
1.Database connections.
2.Session States
3.Error Handling (CustomError Page Settings.)
4.Security (Authentication modes)
What is the best place to store Database connection string?
In Web.Config, you would add a key to the AppSettings Section:
Difference between Web.Config and Machine.Config File
Two types of configuration files supported by ASP.Net.
Configuration files are used to control and manage the behavior of a web application.
i) Machine.config
ii)Web.config
Difference between Machine.Config and Web.Config
Machine.Config:
i) This is automatically installed when you install Visual Studio. Net.
ii) This is also called machine level configuration file.
iii)Only one machine.config file exists on a server.
iv) This file is at the highest level in the configuration hierarchy.
Web.Config:
i) This is automatically created when you create an ASP.Net web application project.
ii) This is also called application level configuration file.
iii)This file inherits setting from the machine.config
If Path starts with either a forward (/) or backward slash (\), the MapPath method returns a path as if Path were a full, virtual path. If Path doesn't start with a slash, the MapPath method returns a path relative to the directory of the request being processed. Note: in C#, @ is the verbatim literal string operator meaning that the string should be used "as is" and not be processed for escape sequences.
Enums in dot net programming is a great facility and we all used it to increase code readability. In earlier version of .NET framework we don’t have any method anything that will check whether a value is assigned to it or not. In C# 4.0 we have new static method called HasFlag which will check that particular value is assigned or not. Let’s take an example for that. First I have created a enum called PaymentType which could have two values Credit Card or Debit Card. Just like following.
public enum PaymentType
{
DebitCard=1,
CreditCard=2
}
Now We are going to assigned one of the value to this enum instance and then with the help of HasFlag method we are going to check whether particular value is assigned to enum or not like following.
This article helps to understand the OOP concepts focusing on .Net/ C#. This is written in the form of asking questions and writing answers to them, making it easy to understand.
I have noticed an increase in the number of articles published in the Architect category in code-project during the last few months. The number of readers for most of these articles is also high, though the ratings for the articles are not. This indicates that readers are interested in reading articles on Architecture, but the quality does not match their expectations. This article is a constructive attempt to group/ define/ explain all introductory conceptsof software architecture for well seasoned developers who are looking to take their next step as system architects. One day I read an article that said that the richest 2 percent own half the world's wealth. It also said that the richest 1 percent of adults owned 40 percent of global assets in the year 2000. And further, that the richest 10 percent of adults accounted for 85 percent of the world's total wealth. So there is an unbalanced distribution of wealth in the physical world. Have you ever thought of an unbalanced distribution of knowledge in the software world? According to my view point, the massive expansion of the software industry is forcing developers to use already implemented libraries, services and frameworks to develop software within ever shorter periods of time. The new developers are trained to use (I would say more often) already developed software components, to complete the development quicker. They just plug in an existing library and some how manage to achieve the requirements. But the sad part of the story is, that they never get a training to define, design the architecture for, and implement such components. As the number of years pass by, these developers become leads and also software architects. Their titles change, but the old legacy of not understanding, of not having any architectural experience continues, creating a vacuum of good architects. The bottom line is that only a small percentage of developers know how to design a truly object oriented system. The solution to this problem is getting harder every day as the aggressive nature of the software industry does not support an easy adjustment to existing processes, and also the related online teaching materials are either complex or less practical or sometimes even wrong. The most of them use impractical, irrelevant examplesof shapes, animals and many other physical world entities to teach concepts of software architecture. There are only very few good business-oriented design references. Unfortunately, I myself am no exception and am a result of this very same system. I got the same education that all of you did, and also referred to the same resource set you all read.
Coming back to the initial point, I noticed that there is a knowledge gap, increasing every day, between the architects who know how to architect a system properly and the others who do not know. The ones, who know, know it right. But the ones, who do not know, know nothing. Just like the world’s wealth distribution, it is an unbalanced distribution of knowledge.
This article began after reading and hearing the questions new developers have, on basics of software architecture. There are some good articles out there, but still developers struggle to understand the basic concepts, and more importantly, the way to apply them correctly. As I see it, newcomers will always struggle to understand a precise definition of a new concept, because it is always a new and hence unfamiliar idea. The one, who has experience, understands the meaning, but the one who doesn’t, struggles to understand the very same definition. It is like that. Employers want experienced employees. So they say, you need to have experience to get a job. But how the hell is one supposed to have that experience if no one is willing to give him a job? As in the general case, the start with software architecture is no exception. It will be difficult. When you start to design your very first system, you will try to apply everything you know or learned from everywhere. You will feel that an interface needs to be defined for every class, like I did once. You will find it harder to understand when and when not to do something. Just prepare to go through a painful process. Others will criticize you, may laugh at you and say that the way you have designed it is wrong. Listen to them, and learn continuously. In this process you will also have to read and think a lot. I hope that this article will give you the right start for that long journey.
“The knowledge of the actions of great men, acquired by long experience in contemporary affairs, and a continual study of antiquity” – I read this phrase when I was reading the book named “The Art of War”, seems applicable here, isn’t it?
This article is an effort to provide an accurate information pool for new developers on the basics of software architecture, focusing on Object Oriented Programming (OOP). If you are a developer, who has a minimum of three or more years of continuous development experience and has that hunger to learn more, to step-in to the next level to become a software architect, this article is for you.
The primary goal of software architecture is to define the non-functional requirements of a system and define the environment. The detailed design is followed by a definition of how to deliver the functional behavior within the architectural rules. Architecture is important because it:
OOP is a design philosophy. It stands for Object Oriented Programming. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) uses a different set of programming languages than old procedural programming languages (C, Pascal, etc.). Everything in OOP is grouped as self sustainable "objects". Hence, you gain re-usability by means of four main object-oriented programming concepts. In order to clearly understand the object orientation, let’s take your “hand” as an example. The “hand” is a class. Your body has two objects of type hand, named left hand and right hand. Their main functions are controlled/ managed by a set of electrical signals sent through your shoulders (through an interface). So the shoulder is an interface which your body uses to interact with your hands. The hand is a well architected class. The hand is being re-used to create the left hand and the right hand by slightly changing the properties of it.
An object can be considered a "thing" that can perform a set of related activities. The set of activities that the object performs defines the object's behavior. For example, the hand can grip something or a Student (object) can give the name or address. In pure OOP terms an object is an instance of a class.
A class is simply a representation of a type of object. It is the blueprint/ plan/ template that describe the details of an object. A class is the blueprint from which the individual objects are created. Class is composed of three things: a name, attributes, and operations.
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publicclass Student
{
}
According to the sample given below we can say that the student object, named objectStudent, has created out of the Student class.
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Student objectStudent = new Student();
In real world, you'll often find many individual objects all of the same kind. As an example, there may be thousands of other bicycles in existence, all of the same make and model. Each bicycle has built from the same blueprint. In object-oriented terms, we say that the bicycle is an instance of the class of objects known as bicycles. In the software world, though you may not have realized it, you have already used classes. For example, the TextBox control, you always used, is made out of the TextBox class, which defines its appearance and capabilities. Each time you drag a TextBox control, you are actually creating a new instance of the TextBox class.
This is an art; each designer uses different techniques to identify classes. However according to Object Oriented Design Principles, there are five principles that you must follow when design a class,
SRP - The Single Responsibility Principle -
A class should have one, and only one, reason to change.
OCP - The Open Closed Principle -
You should be able to extend a classes behavior, without modifying it.
LSP - The Liskov Substitution Principle-
Derived classes must be substitutable for their base classes.
DIP - The Dependency Inversion Principle-
Depend on abstractions, not on concretions.
ISP - The Interface Segregation Principle-
Make fine grained interfaces that are client specific.
For more information on design principles, please refer to Object Mentor.
Additionally to identify a class correctly, you need to identify the full list of leaf level functions/ operations of the system (granular level use cases of the system). Then you can proceed to group each function to form classes (classes will group same types of functions/ operations). However a well defined class must be a meaningful grouping of a set of functions and should support the re-usability while increasing expandability/ maintainability of the overall system.
In software world the concept of dividing and conquering is always recommended, if you start analyzing a full system at the start, you will find it harder to manage. So the better approach is to identify the module of the system first and then dig deep in to each module separately to seek out classes.
A software system may consist of many classes. But in any case, when you have many, it needs to be managed. Think of a big organization, with its work force exceeding several thousand employees (let’s take one employee as a one class). In order to manage such a work force, you need to have proper management policies in place. Same technique can be applies to manage classes of your software system as well. In order to manage the classes of a software system, and to reduce the complexity, the system designers use several techniques, which can be grouped under four main concepts named Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism. These concepts are the four main gods of OOP world and in software term, they are called four main Object Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts.
The encapsulation is the inclusion within a program object of all the resources need for the object to function - basically, the methods and the data. In OOP the encapsulation is mainly achieved by creating classes, the classes expose public methods and properties. The class is kind of a container or capsule or a cell, which encapsulate the set of methods, attribute and properties to provide its indented functionalities to other classes. In that sense, encapsulation also allows a class to change its internal implementation without hurting the overall functioning of the system. That idea of encapsulation is to hide how a class does it but to allow requesting what to do.
In order to modularize/ define the functionality of a one class, that class can uses functions/ properties exposed by another class in many different ways. According to Object Oriented Programming there are several techniques, classes can use to link with each other and they are named association, aggregation, and composition. There are several other ways that an encapsulation can be used, as an example we can take the usage of an interface. The interface can be used to hide the information of an implemented class.
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IStudent myStudent = new LocalStudent();
IStudent myStudent = new ForeignStudent();
According to the sample above (let’s assume that LocalStudent and ForeignStudent are implemented by the IStudent interface) we can see how LocalStudent and ForeignStudent are hiding their, localize implementing information through the IStudent interface.
Association is a (*a*) relationship between two classes. It allows one object instance to cause another to perform an action on its behalf. Association is the more general term that define the relationship between two classes, where as the aggregation and composition are relatively special.
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publicclass StudentRegistrar
{
public StudentRegistrar ();
{
new RecordManager().Initialize();
}
}
In this case we can say that there is an association between StudentRegistrar and RecordManager or there is a directional association from StudentRegistrar to RecordManager or StudentRegistrar use a (*Use*) RecordManager. Since a direction is explicitly specified, in this case the controller class is the StudentRegistrar.
To some beginners, association is a confusing concept. The troubles created not only by the association alone, but with two other OOP concepts, that is association, aggregation and composition. Every one understands association, before aggregation and composition are described. The aggregation or composition cannot be separately understood. If you understand the aggregation alone it will crack the definition given for association, and if you try to understand the composition alone it will always threaten the definition given for aggregation, all three conceptsare closely related, hence must study together, by comparing one definition to another. Let’s explore all three and see whether we can understand the differences between these useful concepts.
Association is a (*a*) relationship between two classes, where one class use another. But aggregation describes a special type of an association. Aggregation is the (*the*) relationship between two classes. When object of one class has an (*has*) object of another, if second is a part of first (containment relationship) then we called that there is an aggregation between two classes. Unlike association, aggregation always insists a direction.
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publicclass University
{
private Chancellor universityChancellor = new Chancellor();
}
In this case I can say that University aggregate Chancellor or University has an (*has-a*) Chancellor. But even without a Chancellor a University can exists. But the Faculties cannot exist without the University, the life time of a Faculty (or Faculties) attached with the life time of the University . If University is disposed the Faculties will not exist. In that case we called that University is composed of Faculties. So that composition can be recognized as a special type of an aggregation.
Same way, as another example, you can say that, there is a composite relationship in-between a KeyValuePairCollection and a KeyValuePair. The two mutually depend on each other. .Net and Java uses the Composite relation to define their Collections. I have seen Composition is being used in many other ways too. However the more important factor, that most people forget is the life time factor. The life time of the two classes that has bond with a composite relation mutually depend on each other. If you take the .net Collection to understand this, there you have the Collection Element define inside (it is an inner part, hence called it is composed of) the Collection, farcing the Element to get disposed with the Collection. If not, as an example, if you define the Collection and it’s Element to be independent, then the relationship would be more of a type Aggregation, than a Composition. So the point is, if you want to bind two classes with Composite relation, more accurate way is to have a one define inside the other class (making it a protected or private class). This way you are allowing the outer class to fulfill its purpose, while tying the lifetime of the inner class with the outer class.
So in summary, we can say that aggregation is a special kind of an association and composition is a special kind of an aggregation. (Association->Aggregation->Composition)
Abstraction is an emphasis on the idea, qualities and properties rather than the particulars (a suppression of detail). The importance of abstraction is derived from its ability to hide irrelevant details and from the use of names to reference objects. Abstraction is essential in the construction of programs. It places the emphasis on what an object is or does rather than how it is represented or how it works. Thus, it is the primary means of managing complexity in large programs. While abstraction reduces complexity by hiding irrelevant detail, generalization reduces complexity by replacing multiple entities which perform similar functions with a single construct. Generalization is the broadening of application to encompass a larger domain of objects of the same or different type. Programming languages provide generalization through variables, parameterization, generics and polymorphism. It places the emphasis on the similarities between objects. Thus, it helps to manage complexity by collecting individuals into groups and providing a representative which can be used to specify any individual of the group.
Abstraction and generalization are often used together. Abstracts are generalized through parameterization to provide greater utility. In parameterization, one or more parts of an entity are replaced with a name which is new to the entity. The name is used as a parameter. When the parameterized abstract is invoked, it is invoked with a binding of the parameter to an argument.
Abstract classes, which declared with the abstract keyword, cannot be instantiated. It can only be used as a super-class for other classes that extend the abstract class. Abstract class is the concept and implementation gets completed when it is being realized by a subclass. In addition to this a class can inherit only from one abstract class (but a class may implement many interfaces) and must override all its abstract methods/ properties and may override virtual methods/ properties. Abstract classes are ideal when implementing frameworks. As an example, let’s study the abstract class named LoggerBase below. Please carefully read the comments as it will help you to understand the reasoning behind this code.
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publicabstractclass LoggerBase
{
///<summary>
/// field is private, so it intend to use inside the class only
///</summary>
private log4net.ILog logger = null;
///<summary>
/// protected, so it only visible for inherited class
///</summary>
protected LoggerBase()
{
// The private object is created inside the constructor
logger = log4net.LogManager.GetLogger(this.LogPrefix);
// The additional initialization is done immediately after
/// Public properties which exposes to inherited class
/// and all other classes that have access to inherited class
///</summary>
publicbool IsThisLogError
{
get
{
returnthis.logger.IsErrorEnabled;
}
}
}
The idea of having this class as an abstract is to define a framework for exception logging. This class will allow all subclass to gain access to a common exception logging module and will facilitate to easily replace the logging library. By the time you define the LoggerBase, you wouldn’t have an idea about other modules of the system. But you do have a concept in mind and that is, if a class is going to log an exception, they have to inherit the LoggerBase. In other word the LoggerBase provide a framework for exception logging. Let’s try to understand each line of the above code.
Like any other class, an abstract class can contain fields, hence I used a private field named logger declare the ILog interface of the famous log4net library. This will allow the Loggerbase class to control, what to use, for logging, hence, will allow changing the source logger library easily.
The access modifier of the constructor of the LoggerBase is protected. The public constructor has no use when the class is of type abstract. The abstract classes are not allowed to instantiate the class. So I went for the protected constructor.
The abstract property named LogPrefix is an important one. It enforces and guarantees to have a value for LogPrefix (LogPrefix uses to obtain the detail of the source class, which the exception has occurred) for every subclass, before they invoke a method to log an error.
The method named LogError is protected, hence exposed to all subclasses. You are not allowed or rather you cannot make it public, as any class, without inheriting the LoggerBase cannot use it meaningfully.
Let’s find out why the property named IsThisLogError is public. It may be important/ useful for other associated classes of an inherited class to know whether the associated member logs its errors or not.
Apart from these you can also have virtual methods defined in an abstract class. The virtual method may have its default implementation, where a subclass can override it when required.
All and all, the important factor here is that all OOP concepts should be used carefully with reasons, you should be able to logically explain, why you make a property a public or a field a private or a class an abstract. Additionally, when architecting frameworks, the OOP concept scan be used to forcefully guide the system to be developed in the way framework architect’s wanted it to be architected initially.
In summary the Interface separates the implementation and defines the structure, and this concept is very useful in cases where you need the implementation to be interchangeable. Apart from that an interface is very useful when the implementation changes frequently. Some say you should define all classes in terms of interfaces, but I think recommendation seems a bit extreme. Interface can be used to define a generic template and then one or more abstract classes to define partial implementations of the interface. Interfaces just specify the method declaration (implicitly public and abstract) and can contain properties (which are also implicitly public and abstract). Interface definition begins with the keyword interface. An interface like that of an abstract class cannot be instantiated.
If a class that implements an interface does not define all the methods of the interface, then it must be declared abstract and the method definitions must be provided by the subclass that extends the abstract class. In addition to this an interfaces can inherit other interfaces.
The sample below will provide an interface for our LoggerBase abstract class.
In .Net / C# a class can be defined to implement an interface and also it supports multiple implementations. When a class implements an interface, an object of such class can be encapsulated inside an interface. If MyLogger is a class, which implements ILogger, there we can write
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ILogger log = new MyLogger();
A class and an interface are two different types (conceptually). Theoretically a class emphasis the idea of encapsulation, while an interface emphasis the idea of abstraction (by suppressing the details of the implementation). The two poses a clear separation from one to another. Therefore it is very difficult or rather impossible to have an effective meaningful comparison between the two, but it is very useful and also meaningful to have a comparison between an interface and an abstract class.
There are quite a big difference between an interface and an abstract class, even though both look similar.
Interface definition begins with a keyword interface so it is of type interface
Abstract classes are declared with the abstract keyword so it is of type class
Interface has no implementation, but they have to be implemented.
Abstract class’s methods can have implementations and they have to be extended.
Interfaces can only have method declaration (implicitly public and abstract) and fields (implicitly public static)
Abstract class’s methods can’t have implementation only when declared abstract.
Interface can inherit more than one interfaces
Abstract class can implement more than one interfaces, but can inherit only one class
Abstract class must override all abstract method and may override virtual methods
Interface can be used when the implementation is changing
Abstract class can be used to provide some default behavior for a base class.
Interface makes implementation interchangeable
Interface increase security by hiding the implementation
Abstract class can be used when implementing framework
Abstract classes are an excellent way to create planned inheritance hierarchies and also to use as non-leaf classes in class hierarchies.
Abstract classes let you define some behaviors; they force your subclasses to provide others. For example, if you have an application framework, an abstract class can be used to provide the default implementation of the services and all mandatory modules such as event logging and message handling etc. This approach allows the developers to develop the application within the guided help provided by the framework.
However, in practice when you come across with some application-specific functionality that only your application can perform, such as startup and shutdown tasks etc. The abstract base class can declare virtual shutdown and startup methods. The base class knows that it needs those methods, but an abstract class lets your class admit that it doesn't know how to perform those actions; it only knows that it must initiate the actions. When it is time to start up, the abstract class can call the startup method. When the base class calls this method, it can execute the method defined by the child class.
As mentioned before .Net support multiple implementations, the concept of implicit and explicit implementation provide safe way to implement methods of multiple interfaces by hiding, exposing or preserving identities of each of interface methods, even when the method signatures are the same.
Let's consider the interfaces defined below.
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interface IDisposable
{
void Dispose();
}
Here you can see that the class Student has implicitly and explicitly implemented the method named Dispose() via Dispose and IDisposable.Dispose.
According to the above example the new class (IOException), which is called the derived class or subclass, inherits the members of an existing class (Exception), which is called the base class or super-class. The class IOException can extend the functionality of the class Exception by adding new types and methods and by overriding existing ones.
Just like abstraction is closely related with generalization, the inheritance is closely related with specialization. It is important to discuss those two concepts together with generalization to better understand and to reduce the complexity.
One of the most important relationships among objects in the real world is specialization, which can be described as the “is-a” relationship. When we say that a dog is a mammal, we mean that the dog is a specialized kind of mammal. It has all the characteristics of any mammal (it bears live young, nurses with milk, has hair), but it specializes these characteristics to the familiar characteristics of canis domesticus. A cat is also a mammal. As such, we expect it to share certain characteristics with the dog that are generalized in Mammal, but to differ in those characteristics that are specialized in cats.
The specialization and generalization relationships are both reciprocal and hierarchical. Specialization is just the other side of the generalization coin: Mammal generalizes what is common between dogs and cats, and dogs and cats specialize mammals to their own specific subtypes.
Similarly, as an example you can say that both IOException and SecurityException are of type Exception. They have all characteristics and behaviors of an Exception, That mean the IOException is a specialized kind of Exception. A SecurityException is also an Exception. As such, we expect it to share certain characteristic with IOException that are generalized in Exception, but to differ in those characteristics that are specialized in SecurityExceptions. In other words, Exception generalizes the shared characteristics of both IOException and SecurityException, while IOException and SecurityException specialize with their characteristics and behaviors.
In OOP, the specialization relationship is implemented using the principle called inheritance. This is the most common and most natural and widely accepted way of implement this relationship.
Polymorphisms is a generic term that means 'many shapes'. More precisely Polymorphisms means the ability to request that the same operations be performed by a wide range of different types of things. At times, I used to think that understanding Object Oriented Programming concepts have made it difficult since they have grouped under four main concepts, while each concept is closely related with one another. Hence one has to be extremely careful to correctly understand each concept separately, while understanding the way each related with other concepts.
In OOP the polymorphisms is achieved by using many different techniques named method overloading, operator overloading and method overriding,
The operator overloading (less commonly known as ad-hoc polymorphisms) is a specific case of polymorphisms in which some or all of operators like +, - or == are treated as polymorphic functions and as such have different behaviors depending on the types of its arguments.
I above example I have overloaded the plus operator for adding two complex numbers. There the two properties named Real and Imaginary has been declared exposing only the required “get” method, while the object’s constructor is demanding for mandatory real and imaginary values with the user defined constructor of the class.
Method overriding is a language feature that allows a subclass to override a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by one of its super-classes. A subclass can give its own definition of methods but need to have the same signature as the method in its super-class. This means that when overriding a method the subclass's method has to have the same name and parameter list as the super-class's overridden method.
In above example I have extended the implementation of the sample Complex class given under operator overloading section. This class has one overridden method named “ToString”, which override the default implementation of the standard “ToString” method to support the correct string conversion of a complex number.
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Complex num1 = new Complex(5, 7);
Complex num2 = new Complex(3, 8);
// Add two Complex numbers using the
// overloaded plus operatorComplex sum = num1 + num2;
// Print the numbers and the sum
// using the overriden ToString methodConsole.WriteLine("({0}) + ({1}) = {2}", num1, num2, sum);
Console.ReadLine();
A use case is a thing an actor perceives from the system. A use case maps actors with functions. Importantly, the actors need not be people. As an example a system can perform the role of an actor, when it communicate with another system.
In another angle a use case encodes a typical user interaction with the system. In particular, it:
Captures some user-visible function.
Achieves some concrete goal for the user.
A complete set of use cases largely defines the requirements for your system: everything the user can see, and would like to do. The below diagram contains a set of use cases that describes a simple login module of a gaming website.
A class diagrams are widely used to describe the types of objects in a system and their relationships. Class diagrams model class structure and contents using design elements such as classes, packages and objects. Class diagrams describe three different perspectives when designing a system, conceptual, specification, and implementation. These perspectives become evident as the diagram is created and help solidify the design.
The Class diagrams, physical data models, along with the system overview diagram are in my opinion the most important diagrams that suite the current day rapid application development requirements.
UML Notations:
Package diagrams are used to reflect the organization of packages and their elements. When used to represent class elements, package diagrams provide a visualization of the name-spaces. In my designs, I use the package diagrams to organize classes in to different modules of the system.
A sequence diagrams model the flow of logic within a system in a visual manner, it enable both to document and validate your logic, and are used for both analysis and design purposes. Sequence diagrams are the most popular UML artifact for dynamic modeling, which focuses on identifying the behavior within your system.
The two-tier architecture is refers to client/ server architectures as well, the term client/ server was first used in the 1980s in reference to personal computers (PCs) on a network. The actual client/ server model started gaining acceptance in the late 1980s, and later it was adapted to World Wide Web programming. According to the modern days use of two-tier architecture the user interfaces (or with ASP.NET, all web pages) runs on the client and the database is stored on the server. The actual application logic can run on either the client or the server. So in this case the user interfaces are directly access the database. Those can also be non-interface processing engines, which provide solutions to other remote/ local systems. In either case, today the two-tier model is not as reputed as the three-tier model. The advantage of the two-tier design is its simplicity, but the simplicity comes with the cost of scalability. The newer three-tier architecture, which is more famous, introduces a middle tier for the application logic.
The three tier software architecture (also known as three layer architectures) emerged in the 1990s to overcome the limitations of the two tier architecture. This architecture has aggressively customized and adopted by modern day system designer to web systems. Three-tier is a client-server architecture in which the user interface, functional process logic, data storage and data access are developed and maintained as independent modules, some time on separate platforms. The term "three-tier" or "three-layer", as well as the concept of multi-tier architectures (often refers to as three-tier architecture), seems to have originated within Rational Software.
The 3-Tier architecture has the following three tiers.
Presentation Tier or Web Server: User Interface, displaying/ accepting data/ input to/ from the user
Application Logic/ Business Logic/ Transaction Tier or Application Server: Data validation, acceptability check before being added to the database and all other business/ application specific operations
Data Tier or Database server: Simple reading and writing method to database or any other storage, connection, command, stored procedures etc
The Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture separates the modeling of the domain, the presentation, and the actions based on user input into three separate classes. Unfortunately, the popularity of this pattern has resulted in a number of faulty usages; each technology (Java, ASP.NET etc) has defined it in their own way making it difficult to understand. In particular, the term "controller" has been used to mean different things in different contexts. The definitions given bellow are the closes possible ones I found for ASP.NET version of MVC.
Model: DataSet and typed DataSet (some times business object, object collection, XML etc) are the most common use of the model.
View: The ASPX and ASCX files generally handle the responsibilities of the view.
Controllers: The handling of events or the controlling is usually done in the code-behind class.
In a complex n-tier distributed system the MVC architecture place the vital role of organizing the presentation tier of the system.
A service-oriented architecture is essentially a collection of services. These services communicate with each other. The communication can involve either simple data passing or it could involve two or more services coordinating some activity. Some means of connecting services to each other is needed. The .Net technology introduces the SOA by mean of web services.
The SOA can be used as the concept to connect multiple systems to provide services. It has it's great share in the future of the IT world.
According to the imaginary diagram above, we can see how the Service Oriented Architecture is being used to provide a set of centralized services to the citizens of a country. The citizens are given a unique identifying card, where that card carries all personal information of each citizen. Each service centers such as shopping complex, hospital, station, and factory are equipped with a computer system where that system is connected to a central server, which is responsible of providing service to a city. As an example when a customer enter the shopping complex the regional computer system report it to the central server and obtain information about the customer before providing access to the premises. The system welcomes the customer. The customer finished the shopping and then by the time he leaves the shopping complex, he will be asked to go through a billing process, where the regional computer system will manage the process. The payment will be automatically handled with the input details obtain from the customer identifying card.
The regional system will report to the city (computer system of the city) while the city will report to the country (computer system of the country).
The data access layer (DAL), which is a key part of every n-tier system, is mainly consist of a simple set of code that does basic interactions with the database or any other storage device. These functionalities are often referred to as CRUD (Create, Retrieve, Update, and Delete). The data access layer need to be generic, simple, quick and efficient as much as possible. It should not include complex application/ business logics.
I have seen systems with lengthy, complex store procedures (SP), which run through several cases before doing a simple retrieval. They contain not only most part of the business logic, but application logic and user interface logic as well. If SP is getting longer and complicated, then it is a good indication that you are burring your business logic inside the data access layer.
I know for a fact that this is a question for most, but from the other hand by reading many articles I have become aware that not everyone agrees to what business logic actually is, and in many cases it's just the bridge in between the presentation layer and the data access layer with having nothing much, except taking from one and passing to the other. In some other cases, it is not even been well thought out, they just take the leftovers from the presentation layer and the data access layer then put them in another layer which automatically is called the business logic layer. However there are no god said things that cannot be changed in software world. You can change as and when you feel comfortable that the method you apply is flexible enough to support the growth of your system. There are many great ways, but be careful when selecting them, they can over complicating the simple system. It is a balance one needs to find with their experience. As a general advice when you define business entities, you must decide how to map the data in your tables to correctly defined business entities. The business entities should meaningfully define considering various types of requirements and functioning of your system. It is recommended to identify the business entities to encapsulate the functional/ UI (User Interface) requirements of your application, rather than define a separate business entity for each table of your database. For example, if you want to combine data from couple of table to build a UI (User Interface) control (Web Control), implement that function in the Business Logic Layer with a business object that uses couple of data object to support with your complex business requirement.
The Gang of Four (GoF) patterns are generally considered the foundation for all other patterns. They are categorized in three groups: Creational, Structural, and Behavioral. Here you will find information on these important patterns.
Creational Patterns
Abstract Factory Creates an instance of several families of classes
Builder Separates object construction from its representation
Factory Method Creates an instance of several derived classes
Prototype A fully initialized instance to be copied or cloned
Singleton A class of which only a single instance can exist
Structural Patterns
Adapter Match interfaces of different classes
Bridge Separates an object’s interface from its implementation
Composite A tree structure of simple and composite objects
Decorator Add responsibilities to objects dynamically
Facade A single class that represents an entire subsystem
Flyweight A fine-grained instance used for efficient sharing
Proxy An object representing another object
Behavioral Patterns
Chain of Resp. A way of passing a request between a chain of objects
Command Encapsulate a command request as an object
Interpreter A way to include language elements in a program
Iterator Sequentially access the elements of a collection
Mediator Defines simplified communication between classes
Memento Capture and restore an object's internal state
Observer A way of notifying change to a number of classes
State Alter an object's behavior when its state changes
Strategy Encapsulates an algorithm inside a class
Template Method Defer the exact steps of an algorithm to a subclass
Visitor Defines a new operation to a class without change
The two design patterns are fundamentally different. However, when you learn them for the first time, you will see a confusing similarity. So that it will make harder for you to understand them. But if you continue to study eventually, you will get afraid of design patterns too. It is like infant phobia, once you get afraid at your early age, it stays with you forever. So the result would be that you never look back at design patterns again. Let me see whether I can solve this brain teaser for you.
In the image below, you have both design pattern listed in. I am trying to compare the two one on one to identify the similarities. If you observe the figure carefully, you will see an easily understandable color pattern (same color is used to mark the classes that are of similar kind).
Please follow up with the numbers in the image when reading the listing below.
Mark #1: Both patterns have used a generic class as the entry-class. The only difference is the name of the class. One pattern has named it as “Client”, while the other named it as “Director”.
Mark #2: Here again the difference is the class name. It is “AbstractFactory” for one and “Builder” for the other. Additionally both classes are of type abstract.
Mark #3: Once again both patterns have defined two generic (WindowsFactory & ConcreteBuilder) classes. They both have created by inheriting their respective abstract class.
Mark #4: Finally, both seem to produce some kind of a generic output.
Now, where are we? Aren’t they looking almost identical? So then why are we having two different patterns here?
Let’s compare the two again side by side for one last time, but this time, focusing on the differences.
Abstract Factory: Emphasizes a family of product objects (either simple or complex)
Builder: Focuses on constructing a complex object step by step
Abstract Factory: Focus on *what* is made
Builder: Focus on *how* it is made
Abstract Factory: Focus on defining many different types of *factories* to build many *products*, and it is not a one builder for just one product
Builder: Focus on building a one complex but one single *product*
Abstract Factory: Defers the choice of what concrete type of object to make until run time
Builder: Hide the logic/ operation of how to compile that complex object
Abstract Factory: *Every* method call creates and returns different objects
Builder: Only the *last* method call returns the object, while other calls partially build the object
Sometimes creational patterns are complementary: So you can join one or many patterns when you design your system. As an example builder can use one of the other patterns to implement which components get built or in another case Abstract Factory, Builder, and Prototype can use Singleton in their implementations. So the conclusion would be that the two design patterns exist to resolve two type of business problems, so even though they look similar, they are not.
I hope that this shed some light to resolve the puzzle. If you still don’t understand it, then this time it is not you, it has to be me and it is since that I don’t know how to explain it.
I don't think, that it is realistic trying to make a programming language be everything to everybody. The language becomes bloated, hard to learn, and hard to read if everything plus the kitchen sink is thrown in. In another word every language has their limitations. As system architect and designer we should be able to fully and more importantly correctly (this also mean that you shouldn’t use a ballistic missile to kill a fly or hire FBI to catch the fly) utilize the available tools and features to build usable, sustainable, maintainable and also very importantly expandable software systems, that fully utilize the feature of the language to bring a competitively advance system to their customers. In order to do it, the foundation of a system places a vital role. The design or the architecture of a software system is the foundation. It hold the system together, hence designing a system properly (this never mean an *over* desinging) is the key to the success. When you talk about designing a software system, the correct handling of OOP concept is very important. I have made the above article richer with idea but still kept it short so that one can learn/ remind all of important concept at a glance. Hope you all will enjoy reading it.
